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Twin films are films with the same, or very similar, plot produced or released at the same time in two different studios.〔Jasper Rees. "(Hooray for Bollywood )", ''Evening Standard'', 12 October 2001. Retrieved 23 June 2011.〕 The phenomenon can result from two or more〔Fredrik Strage. "(Tvillingfilmer resultatet av ängsliga filmbolag )", ''Dagens Nyheter'', 28 September 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2011. (In Swedish)〕 production companies investing in similar scripts around the same time, resulting in a race to distribute the films to audiences.〔Henrik Arvidsson. "(Först till kvarn i Drömfabriken )" ''Dagens Nyheter'', 11 July 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2011. (In Swedish)〕 Some attribute twin films to industrial espionage, the fact of film makers moving between studios, or that the same screenplays are sent to several film studios. Another explanation is that films often deal with topical issues, such as comets, volcano eruptions, reality TV, terrorist attacks or significant anniversaries, resulting in some sort of ''multiple discovery'' (also known as 'simultaneous invention' in science) but in film.〔 Producer Bingham Ray recalls a conversation where the screenwriter of the 2006 Truman Capote biopic ''Infamous'' phoned to announce that his script had been finished. Ray said "I know, I've got it on my desk!" before realising that he actually had the screenplay to ''Capote'', a biopic by a different writer.〔John Seabrook. "(Tru, Two )", ''The New Yorker'', 25 September 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2011.〕 ==Examples== Noted examples of twin films are included in this list:〔〔Henrik Arvidsson. "(Tvillingfilmer vi minns )", ''Dagens Nyheter'', 11 July 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2011. (In Swedish)〕〔"(11 Damn Near Identical Movies That Were Released at the Same Time )", 11points.com, 13 March 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2011.〕〔"(Double Headers )", mutantreviewers.com. Retrieved 22 June 2011.〕 * William Wyler's ''Jezebel'' (1938) was reportedly created for Bette Davis when she failed to win the highly coveted role of Scarlett O'Hara in ''Gone with the Wind'' (1939). Both films were about feisty, independent Southern belles during the American Civil War. * John Ford's ''Young Mr. Lincoln'' (1939) and John Cromwell's ''Abe Lincoln in Illinois'' (1940). * Two Oscar Wilde biopics were released in 1960: ''Oscar Wilde'' starring Robert Morley, and ''The Trials of Oscar Wilde'' starring Peter Finch. * Stanley Kubrick's ''Dr. Strangelove'' and Sidney Lumet's ''Fail-Safe'' were both released within months of one another in 1964 and deal with the concept of accidental nuclear war, although ''Dr. Strangelove'' is satire, while ''Fail-Safe'' is a drama. * Two films based on the life story of Jean Harlow were released in 1965, both titled ''Harlow''. One version was released in May 1965, was directed by Alex Segal and starred Carol Lynley as Harlow and Ginger Rogers as her mother. The other was released in June, was directed by Gordon Douglas and starred Carroll Baker as Harlow and Angela Lansbury as her mother. * ''You're a Big Boy Now'' (1966) and ''The Graduate'' (1967) are offbeat comedies about late-blooming young men simultaneously rebelling against their parents and being torn between two women. * John Boorman's ''Leo the Last'' and Hal Ashby's ''The Landlord'' were released in the United States a week apart in May 1970. Both deal with issues of class and race and feature an upper-class white man who moves into a lower-class black neighborhood and gets involved with the residents. * ''The Strawberry Statement'', ''Getting Straight'', ''The Revolutionary'' and ''R.P.M.'' are all dramas about campus revolt released between May and September of the year 1970. * ''Bloody Mama'' (1970) and ''The Grissom Gang'' (1971) are both based on the life story of Ma Barker, although only the first film refers to Barker by her original name. Both take place in the American South of the 1930s and feature a gang of criminals led by a domineering mother. ''Big Bad Mama'', a more fanciful retelling of the Barker myth would follow in 1974. * ''Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song'' and ''Shaft'' were released two months apart in 1971. Both are frequently credited as the earliest examples of the blaxploitation genre. * ''Godspell'' and ''Jesus Christ Superstar'', released within months of each other in 1973, are both adaptations of Broadway musicals based on the life of Jesus Christ. ''Jesus Christ Superstar'', the darker, more rock-oriented piece, was more successful from both critical and financial standpoints than ''Godspell''. * ''The Gambler'' and ''California Split'' portray Jewish protagonists, addicted to gambling on a downward spiral. They were released two months apart in 1974. * ''The Conversation'' and ''The Parallax View'' are paranoid thrillers about an assassination that were released in April and June 1974. ''Executive Action'', which dramatized the assassination of John F. Kennedy as a conspiracy, had been released a few months earlier. * ''Cannonball'' and ''The Gumball Rally'', both released in 1976, about the same illegal cross-country race. * ''Go Tell the Spartans'' (1978), ''Coming Home'' (1978), ''The Deer Hunter'' (1978) and ''Apocalypse Now'' (1979) are all about American involvement in the Vietnam War. * ''The Warriors'' and ''The Wanderers'' are both 1979 films about gang wars between New York teenage street gangs of various ethnicities. The films have somewhat similar titles and share several minor actors and crew members. * In 1979, three movies based on Bram Stoker's novel ''Dracula'' were released simultaneously around the world: Werner Herzog's arthouse re-telling ''Nosferatu the Vampyre'' (starring Klaus Kinski), John Badham's horror/romance film ''Dracula'' (starring Frank Langella), and Stan Dragoti's comedy ''Love At First Bite'' (starring George Hamilton). * 1981 saw the release of three movies about werewolves: ''The Howling'', ''Wolfen'' and ''An American Werewolf In London''. * ''Porky's'' (1981; US: 1982), ''The Last American Virgin'' (1982), ''Screwballs'' (1983) and ''Losin' It'' (1983) are all sex comedies depicting a group of young male friends trying to lose their respective virginities or perform another sexually related mission. * 1982 and 1983 saw the release of several third installments in 3-D of horror-themed movie franchises: ''Friday the 13th Part 3'' (1982), ''Amityville 3-D'' (1983) and ''Jaws 3-D'' (1983). * In 1983, two James Bond movies were released by competing studios: ''Octopussy'' starring Roger Moore, and ''Never Say Never Again'' starring Sean Connery. * Georges Bizet's opera ''Carmen'' was adapted to film by Carlos Saura in 1983, and by Francesco Rosi in 1984. * Three competing 1984 films featured the destruction and difficulties of American farming families. ''Country'' starred Jessica Lange and Sam Shepard, while ''The River'' starred Mel Gibson and Sissy Spacek, and ''Places in the Heart'' starred Sally Field and John Malkovich. * ''Dreamscape'' and ''A Nightmare On Elm Street'' are both 1984 movies about people entering the dreams of others and being able to kill them in real-life by killing them in their dreams. The co-writer of ''Dreamscape'', Chuck Russell, went on to co-write and direct ''A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors'' (1987). * Michael Radford's film adaptation of George Orwell's novel ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' was released in 1984, four months before the release of Terry Gilliam's dystopic feature film ''Brazil'' (1985), which was heavily influenced by Orwell's novel ''Nineteen Eighty-Four''. * ''Gremlins'' (1984), ''Ghoulies'' (1985) and ''Critters'' (1986) all involve small, destructive, and evil creatures. * Two zombie movies, ''The Return of the Living Dead'' and ''Day of the Dead'', were released almost simultaneously in 1985. * ''Weird Science'', ''Real Genius'', and ''My Science Project'', which all debuted in August 1985, featured teens dabbling in mad science and winding up in over their heads. In all three, central character(s) are nerds who are trying desperately to fit in with the popular crowd. * ''Back to the Future'' (1985) and ''Peggy Sue Got Married'' (1986) both feature protagonists who go back in time and meet high school versions of their family members, played by the same actors. * Four vampire films involving teenage characters were released between 1985 and 1987: ''Fright Night'' (1985), ''Vamp'' (1986), ''The Lost Boys'' (1987) and ''Near Dark'' (1987). * ''Top Gun'' and ''Iron Eagle'' are both 1986 films about fighter pilots. * ''An American Tail'' and ''The Great Mouse Detective'', both released in 1986, are animated feature films starring mice. ''An American Tail'' gained a lot of praise and grossed more than ''The Great Mouse Detective'', which was still critically and commercially successful. * ''GoBots: Battle of the Rock Lords'' and ''The Transformers: The Movie'' were both theatrically released in 1986, and are both animated feature films derived from TV cartoons based on toy lines. Although the ''GoBots'' film was released to cinemas six months before the ''Transformers'' film, the latter was in production for the better part of two years, before the ''GoBots'' film began production (there is also evidence to suggest that the ''GoBots'' film was originally intended for television, and was rushed into theaters to beat ''Transformers''). * ''The Vindicator'' (1986) and ''RoboCop'' (1987): both movies are about an innocent man who is left mutilated and near-dead by villains, is reconstructed into a cyborg by a special-weapons company, and seeks revenge on the people responsible for his fate. * ''Platoon'' (1986), ''Full Metal Jacket'' (1987) and ''Hamburger Hill'' (1987) all featured US soldiers in Vietnam during the Vietnam War. Later, ''Born on the Fourth of July'' and ''Casualties of War'' were released in 1989, with similar Vietnam themes. ''Platoon'' and ''Born on the Fourth of July'' were both directed by Oliver Stone. * ''The Secret of My Succe$s'' (1987) and ''Working Girl'' (1988) are both about people starting new lower-level jobs in New York City, pretending to be executives, coming up with great ideas regarding takeovers, and getting the girl/guy that was "out of their league." * ''Like Father, Like Son'' (released in late 1987), and ''Big'', ''Vice Versa'' and ''18 Again!'' (all three released in 1988〔), portray youngsters as, or who reverse roles with, older men. Another movie of the genre, ''Dream a Little Dream'', was released in 1989. The first of such films was 1976's ''Freaky Friday'' starring Jodie Foster. * ''Dangerous Liaisons'' (1988) and ''Valmont'' (1989) are both versions of the novel ''Les liaisons dangereuses''. * ''Turner & Hooch'' (1989) and ''K-9'' (1989) are both movies where a police officer gets a dog for a partner. * ''DeepStar Six'' (1989), ''Leviathan'' (1989), ''The Abyss'' (1989), ''The Evil Below'' (1989), ''Lords of the Deep'' (1989)〔 and ''The Rift'' (1989) are all underwater thrillers involving explorers discovering strange new (and in most of the movies hostile) creatures in the ocean. * ''Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves'' (1991) and ''Robin Hood'' (1991)〔 * ''1492: Conquest of Paradise'' (1992) and ''Christopher Columbus: The Discovery'' (1992)〔 * ''Jurassic Park'' (1993) and ''Carnosaur'' (1993)〔 * ''Tombstone'' (1993) and ''Wyatt Earp'' (1994)〔 * ''Rookie of the Year'' (1993) and ''Little Big League'' (1994)〔 * ''Terminal Velocity'' (1994) and ''Drop Zone'' (1994) are both action films that involve skydiving. * ''Braveheart'' (1995) and ''Rob Roy'' (1995)〔 * ''Babe'' (1995) and ''Gordy'' (1995)〔 * ''Showgirls'' (1995) and ''Striptease'' (1996)〔Gary Dudak. "(Twin Movies: A History of Two Similar Films Coming Out at the Same Time )" ''Mandatory'', 14 April 2014〕 * ''Dante's Peak'' (1997) and ''Volcano'' (1997)〔〔 * ''Kundun'' (1997) and ''Seven Years in Tibet'' (1997)〔 * ''Prefontaine'' (1997) and ''Without Limits'' (1998) are both biographical sports films about distance runner Steve Prefontaine. * ''Antz'' (1998) and ''A Bug's Life'' (1998);〔 some people believe "Antz" idea was stolen when Jeffrey Katzenberg left Disney when Pixar become its major animation studio. * ''Deep Impact'' (1998) and ''Armageddon'' (1998)〔〔 * ''Saving Private Ryan'' (1998) and ''The Thin Red Line'' (1998)〔 * ''The Truman Show'' (1998) and ''Ed TV'' (1999)〔 * ''The Matrix'' (1999), ''The Thirteenth Floor'' (1999), ''Dark City'' (1998) and ''eXistenZ'' (1999)〔 * ''Entrapment'' (1999) and ''The Thomas Crown Affair'' (1999)〔 * ''End of Days'' (1999), ''Stigmata'' (1999)〔 and ''Lost Souls'' (2000) are all supernatural religious horror films involving the Catholic Church. Both ''End of Days'' and ''Stigmata'' star Gabriel Byrne as a main character. Both ''End of Days'' and ''Lost Souls'' involve the theme of Satan taking possession of a man's body. * ''The Legend of the Titanic'' (1999) and ''Titanic: The Legend Goes On'' (2000) are both Italian animated films involving the maiden voyage and sinking of the Titanic. Both these films involve a romantic relationship between a young man and woman of different social backgrounds, and both feature anthropomorphic talking mice who are emigrating to America, as well as other talking animals. * ''Scary Movie'' (2000) and ''Shriek If You Know What I Did Last Friday the Thirteenth'' (2000)〔 * ''Mission to Mars'' (2000) and ''Red Planet'' (2000)〔 * ''Wonder Boys'' (2000) and ''Finding Forrester'' (2000)〔 * ''Gone in 60 Seconds'' (2000) and ''The Fast and the Furious'' (2001) * ''Heist'' (2001) and ''The Score'' (2001)〔 * ''Stealing Harvard'' (2002) and ''Orange County'' (2002) * ''Finding Nemo'' (2003) and ''Shark Tale'' (2004) are both computer animated films that take place in the ocean and involve fish characters; some people believe "Shark" idea was stolen by Jeffrey Katzenberg when he left Disney when Pixar become its major animation studio. * ''Chasing Liberty'' (2004) and ''First Daughter'' (2004)〔 * ''The Cave'' (2005) and ''The Descent'' (2005)〔 * ''Flightplan'' (2005) and ''Red Eye'' (2005)〔 * ''Madagascar'' (2005) and ''The Wild'' (2006) are both computer animated films involving similar animal characters from New York's Central Park Zoo being introduced to the wild. See The Wild#Madagascar similarities. * ''Capote'' (2005) and ''Infamous'' (2006)〔〔 * ''United 93'' (2006) and ''Flight 93'' (2006)〔 * ''The Prestige'' (2006) and ''The Illusionist'' (2006)〔 * ''The Zodiac'' (2006), ''Zodiac'' (2007) and ''Curse of the Zodiac'' (2007)〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Crime Profiles: The Zodiac Killer - The Aftermath )〕 * ''Surrogates'' (2009), ''Gamer'' (2009) and ''Avatar'' (2009)〔 * ''Observe and Report'' (2009) and ''Paul Blart: Mall Cop (2009)''〔 * ''The Road'' (2009) and ''The Book of Eli'' (2010) * ''Skyline'' (2010) and ''Battle: Los Angeles'' (2011) are both alien invasion movies that primarily take place in Los Angeles; Sony Pictures, the studio of "Battle: Los Angeles", later sued the producers of Skyline because their company was hired to develop the visual effects of ''Battle: Los Angeles'' and allegedly stolen the idea of the movie during this process. * ''Despicable Me'' (2010) and ''Megamind'' (2010) are both about super-villains who turned evil because of bad upbringings, finding themselves seduced to the good side to defeat an even badder guy.〔http://www.starnewsonline.com/article/20101103/articles/101109832〕 * ''No Strings Attached'' (2011) and ''Friends with Benefits'' (2011) are both romantic comedies about casual, non-romantic sexual relationships between two people who eventually fall in love, and draw their titles from references this kind of relationship. * ''A Hijacking'' (2012) and ''Captain Phillips'' (2013) * ''Olympus Has Fallen'' (2013) and ''White House Down'' (2013)〔Roger Wilson. "(Tvillingfilmer )", ''Godmorgon, världen!'', Sveriges Radio P1, 18 May 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014. (In Swedish)〕 * ''Oblivion'' (2013) and ''After Earth'' (2013) * ''The Machine'' (2013), ''Automata'' (2014) and ''Ex Machina'' (2015)〔 * ''Yves Saint Laurent'' (2014) and ''Saint Laurent'' (2014)〔 * ''Hercules'' (2014), ''The Legend of Hercules'' (2014) and ''Hercules Reborn'' (2014)〔 * ''The Equalizer'' (2014) and ''John Wick'' (2014) * ''Freaks of Nature'' (2015) and ''Scouts Guide to the Zombie Apocalypse'' (2015) * ''Love the Coopers'' (2015) and ''The Night Before'' (2015) * ''The Revenant'' (2015) and ''The Hateful Eight'' (2015) * ''The Jungle Book'' (2016) and ''Jungle Book: Origins'' (2017) * ''I, Frankenstein'' (2014) and ''Victor Frankenstein'' (2015) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Twin films」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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